Which federal bracket this lands in
The $16,100 standard deduction leaves $21,340 of taxable income, which puts the last dollar in the 12% federal bracket. Only $8,940 of it is actually taxed at 12% — the income below $12,400 is taxed at the lower rates first, which is why the effective rate lands well under the bracket number. The 12% band runs to $50,400, so a raise of about $29,060 would be needed before any dollar is taxed at 22%.
Where this sits in New York's schedule
New York runs a graduated schedule of 9 bands. After $8,000 of state deductions it taxes $29,440, putting the top dollar in the 5.4% band and producing $1,425 of state tax — 3.81% of gross pay. Its 5.4% band ends at $80,650 of state taxable income, $51,210 above where this salary lands.
Marginal rate is not the rate paid
Federal income tax of $2,313 on $37,440 of gross pay is 6.18% of the salary, against a 12% marginal bracket — a gap of about 5.8 points. The bracket describes the next dollar earned, not the pay already earned, and quoting the bracket as the tax rate overstates the bill by $2,180 at this salary.
What a $1/hr raise is actually worth
A dollar more an hour is $2,080 more a year at 2,080 paid hours. Against a combined marginal rate of about 25.05% -- the 12% federal band, New York's 5.4%, 1.45% Medicare and 6.2% Social Security -- roughly $1,559 of that reaches the bank, or about $0.75 of the extra dollar.