Which federal bracket this lands in
The $16,100 standard deduction leaves $15,100 of taxable income, which puts the last dollar in the 12% federal bracket. Only $2,700 of it is actually taxed at 12% — the income below $12,400 is taxed at the lower rates first, which is why the effective rate lands well under the bracket number. The 12% band runs to $50,400, so a raise of about $35,300 would be needed before any dollar is taxed at 22%.
Where this sits in Massachusetts's schedule
Massachusetts runs a graduated schedule of 2 bands. After $4,400 of state deductions it taxes $26,800, putting the top dollar in the 5% band and producing $1,340 of state tax — 4.29% of gross pay. Its 5% band ends at $1,107,750 of state taxable income, $1,080,950 above where this salary lands.
Marginal rate is not the rate paid
Federal income tax of $1,564 on $31,200 of gross pay is 5.01% of the salary, against a 12% marginal bracket — a gap of about 7.0 points. The bracket describes the next dollar earned, not the pay already earned, and quoting the bracket as the tax rate overstates the bill by $2,180 at this salary.
What a $1/hr raise is actually worth
A dollar more an hour is $2,080 more a year at 2,080 paid hours. Against a combined marginal rate of about 24.65% -- the 12% federal band, Massachusetts's 5%, 1.45% Medicare and 6.2% Social Security -- roughly $1,567 of that reaches the bank, or about $0.75 of the extra dollar.